High Self-Contamination among Healthcare Workers
Florescent lotion and black light revealed that health care workers often contaminate their skin and clothing while removing their protective gear, researchers say.
“It was surprising for the participants in the study to see that they frequently contaminated themselves during [personal protective equipment] removal,” said senior author Dr. Curtis J. Donskey of the Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
“Most of the participants appeared to be unaware of the high risk for contamination and many reported receiving minimal or no training in putting on and taking off [personal protective equipment],” he said by email.
The researchers recruited doctors, nurses and ancillary personnel such as phlebotomists and physical therapists at four Cleveland-area hospitals to participate in the simulations. More than half of the 435 simulations were performed by nurses.
As reported online October 12 in JAMA Internal Medicine, the participants put on protective gowns and gloves in their usual manner and then had a small amount of fluorescent lotion placed in the palm of their hands, which they then rubbed between their hands for 15 seconds to simulate dirtied gloves, then smeared the gloves over the chest and abdomen area of the gown. Then the gloves were exchanged for clean ones.
After they removed their gloves and gowns in their usual manners, researchers used a black light to check for lotion contamination of the hands, forearms, neck, face, hair or clothing.
Skin or clothing contamination happened 46% of the time, more frequently during glove removal.
Researchers also noted whether participants had used proper protective equipment technique, e.g., wearing gloves extended over the wrists of the gown, gown removed first by pulling away from the neck and body, and gloves removed second. Contamination happened 70% of the time when proper technique was not followed, compared to 30% of the time when it was followed.
“When dealing with pathogens that are potentially fatal, the goal has to be zero contamination,” Dr. Donskey said. “In routine care settings, we would like personnel to be well trained and confident that they can minimize contamination, but would not insist on zero contamination.”
It is important for personnel to perform hand hygiene after removing gloves and gowns, he said.
The researchers also conducted these tests with a group of personnel who had attended special infection control sessions, with a 10-minute video presentation and 20 minutes of demonstrations and practice in using and removing protective gear.
Before the training sessions, these individuals contaminated themselves 60% of the time, compared to roughly 19% after the sessions. The improvements were still seen at re-tests done one and three months later.
“This suggests that training using fluorescent lotion can be useful to identify minor deficiencies in technique that lead to contamination,” Donskey said.
Recent experience with the Ebola virus in the U.S. showed that self-contamination during removal of protective equipment does occur, but this study exposes a more widespread issue that may be happening during routine patient care, said Dr. Michelle Doll of Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond who coauthored a commentary on the new study.
“Use of gowns and gloves for contact precautions on a busy inpatient unit is costly on multiple levels,” Doll said by email. “In situations when we do decide to use these tools for infection prevention, we need to optimize techniques to achieve the best efficacy possible. Otherwise it is wasteful of healthcare worker efforts and hospital resources.”
The sight of fluorescent dye on one’s face and hands would be a powerful and lasting lesson, she said.
“Being able to see where contamination occurs allows personnel to make adjustments in their technique,” Dr. Donskey said. “Because training alone did not result in zero contamination, there is a need for other approaches such as improving [equipment] design or disinfection of [equipment] prior to removal.”
